When I think about the most successful people I know, I could describe them as intelligent, talented, passionate about their vision, and incredibly hard working. When I try and think about what sets them apart from plain old “successful” people, it’s not generally intelligence or talent. Intelligence and talent are part of a genetic lottery that facilitates success while CEO/Presidential/Sports superstar success requires something more: intense drive, commitment, and thousands of hours of hard hard HARD work.
For a long time, I thought that the drive and hard work followed from a person’s passion. I thought that highly successful people identify their passion – usually derived in some way from their natural intelligence and talent – and then work hard to make it happen. I assumed that passion would allow them to push through the hard, rough, daily work of making dreams come true that can often feel so removed from the ultimate dream itself. But new research suggests that’s not entirely the case.
Marshmallow Test
In the late ’60s, Stanford psychologist Walter Mischel performed an experiment called the Marshmallow Test, which measured the self-control of four year olds. Each child was put in a room with a marshmallow or other treat. The psychologists told them they could either eat the treat immediately or, if they could hold off for 15 minutes, they would get two treats.
Now, there are very few children who would reject two whole dessert-like treats. But there are lots of children who wouldn’t be able to wait for 15 whole minutes while one dessert stared up at them from the table. After a few minutes (or seconds), many of the kids gave in and ate the marshmallow. But many didn’t.
Instead of getting obsessed with the marshmallow — the “hot stimulus” — the patient children distracted themselves by covering their eyes, pretending to play hide-and-seek underneath the desk, or singing songs from “Sesame Street.” Their desire wasn’t defeated — it was merely forgotten. “If you’re thinking about the marshmallow and how delicious it is, then you’re going to eat it,” Mischel says. “The key is to avoid thinking about it in the first place.”
However, even more interesting than noting the self-control distraction strategies of four year olds is noting how self-control influenced these children’s long-term success.
When the researchers subsequently checked in on these same children in high school, it turned out that those with more self-control — that is, those who held out for 15 minutes — were better behaved, less prone to addiction, and scored higher on the SAT.
As a child who savored her Halloween candy through December by only eating a piece a day, I felt pretty darn gratified by this marshmallow research. Since I clearly mastered the art of delayed candy gratification at an early age, I have an obvious step up on achieving great things.
So why haven’t I achieved something great? Why did I stall out at “pretty darn good” in my career? Why do I find myself daydreaming on the job when I should be using that self-control to work harder? Why do my attempts at workday self-control sometimes go so clearly wrong? Although the fun lure of the internet black hole is clearly a factor, the bigger factor is mental strength. And as my burnout became more serious and prolonged, so did my distracted periods. It became harder to find the right “get to work” music or goal-oriented distractions (if you work hard for 30 minutes, you can go to Starbucks) to psyche myself up again to focus on work. I started thinking I was a failure who had no self-control.
Self-Control and Goals
This past Saturday, I did a slightly crazy thing: I walked across the City of Los Angeles. For those of you who know Los Angeles, you know it’s a great big sprawling city. (No, I will not call it a suburb-city. L.A. has its own suburbs and its own strange internal urban logic, even if it’s not a densely populated urban logic.) Every year since 2006, a local journalist and blogger has organized the Great Los Angeles Walk, an urban hike from downtown to the beach. It’s not a race or a fundraiser – jut a chance to see the city from a new perspective and explore some of the history along the way. This was my third year participating, and by far the hardest. Whereas previous years’ routes were around 17 miles, this year was 19-ish. And those last 2-ish miles nearly did me in.
There was not a single step of the last 2 miles in which I didn’t want to cry or give up. I have never been in more pain in my adult life (and I’ve been in a lot of pain.) But actively choosing to take another step when your hips are screaming, your knees are swollen, your feet are literally bruised from 17 miles of pavement pounding, and your thighs are sending burning flames of pain throughout your body is different than suffering through an illness. I chose this insanity. I committed to this achievement. By the time I made it 17 miles, I was making it to the end, d*mnit. Even if the last 2 miles took an hour (they did.) Even though I actually had to hide tears every time a stoplight turned green and my brief intersection respites ended (we caught every stoplight, and they never stopped for long enough).
A mile is between 2,000 to 2,500 steps. Given that I was barely shuffling along by the end of the walk, let’s call my mile 2,500 steps. I had to recommit to my goal for each and every step of that final 5,000 step journey. There was not a single step that didn’t send excruciating spasms of pain throughout my body. There was not a single step during which I didn’t consider quitting and taking the bus home. But I didn’t quit. I made it. I walked all 19+ miles of the journey from downtown Los Angeles to the beach.
Self-Control versus Grit
It’s clear I have some form of self-control. I didn’t eat my childhood Halloween candy. I made it though the longest Great Los Angeles Walk yet. But I’m still not a professional success. Not in the Madeline Albright, Venus Williams, or Madonna sense. I am good enough, but not great. I have intelligence, talent (though maybe not for tennis), self-control, and a whole lot of privilege. So what’s the difference between me and these extraordinary women? It turns out that incredible achievements may require even more intense focus than “self-control” can provide:
Intrigued by what qualities would most accurately predict outstanding achievement, Harvard researcher Angela Duckworth picked up where Walter Mischel left off. As she outlines in this TEDx talk, Duckworth found that self-control is an excellent predictor of your ability to follow through on certain types of difficult tasks — staying on your diet, studying for a test, not checking your email — but it’s not the most important factor when it comes to predicting success at “extremely high-challenge achievement.”
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Duckworth isolated two qualities that she thought might be a better predictor of outstanding achievement:
1. The tendency not to abandon tasks from mere changeability. Not seeking something because of novelty. Not “looking for a change.”
2. The tendency not to abandon tasks in the face of obstacles. Perseverance, tenacity, doggedness.
Duckworth boiled these two characteristics down to a quality she called “grit,” defined as “the perseverance and passion for a long-term goal,” and set about testing it as a predictor for outstanding achievement.
Here’s a recent New York Times article summarizing Duckworth’s research:
“People who accomplished great things, [Duckworth] noticed, often combined a passion for a single mission with an unswerving dedication to achieve that mission, whatever the obstacles and however long it might take.”
Grit seems to be bigger than temporary self-control. Self-control is imperative for success, but grit may be necessary for extraordinary success. If I try and find examples of grit in my own life, I can find intense periods of focus and commitment, followed by a mental nap. I find it very easy to remain committed for a few months. But then I need change and new motivation to recommit.
Unfortunately, grit seems to be connected to the long-term slog, without any major lags or shifts in focus. Grit means laser-like focus on a long-term goal. It’s more than learning to ignore the internet and focus on the task at hand. It’s about ignoring other goals in pursuit of something great, in addition to ignoring the internet, over the course of many years. And my current career burnout is telling me that I’m not willing to forgo all other goals in pursuit of my current job… unlike the people who are succeeding and surpassing me at the highest levels of the company.
Success on Your Own Terms
Burnout and depression can sneak in and steal your self-esteem. They convince you that you’re a failure because you can’t work hard enough to excel like the CEO and other rapid climbers. It’s easy to think that I’m lazy when I compare myself to their laser-like gritty focus. But I’m not lazy, I’m just using self-control to succeed where many of them are using grit. And I’d like to hope that grit can be situational, and not just inherent.
This weekend was an important reminder that I can be as strong as I need to be. I can push myself well beyond everyday physical or mental limits to achieve great things. My success was entirely due to my mental perseverance and my willingness to scream back at my body “No! Of course you can do more! You’re nearly there! You’re not quitting now! You’re getting to the end and having a beer. A beeeeeeeeeeer. Beer. Yum. What kind of beer will I have? A big cold one. Mmmmm.”
It was half perseverance and half distraction (as an adult, I find beer more compelling than marshmallows.) But regardless of what IT was, I have it. I have the drive and mental fortitude to achieve success, at least with short-term goals that will all hopefully lead to long-term achievement.
I could stay in my job and continue to achieve career success. I can set and achieve the necessary short term goals. But now, I want more. I’m starting to think about making huge changes that will require mental reserves as deep as than those I drew upon for the Great Walk of Los Angeles, but that are exercised consistently. Every day. For years and years and years. I want grit, and I’m not sure I have it.
And that’s where I hope passion comes in. I may not have grit, but I definitely have intelligence, talent, a willingness to work really hard in multiple short bursts, and a new sense of passion about my career. It’s been a long time since I thought of my job as something more than a good paycheck, great coworkers, and some interesting projects. I’ve been missing vision. While I have a sense of purpose, I’ve been missing passion. But as I’ve worked through my burnout and tried to identify what comes next, I finally have passion and excitement again. I have a real belief that my new work will be important, meaningful and Big Picture fulfilling, which makes me think I have the gritty commitment to make it happen. I can identify a lot of the Little Picture day-to-day irritations, challenges and drudgery, but I hope that self-control combined with passion can approximate the qualities of true grit.
I will always be happy and thankful for career success. However, I haven’t given up on being extraordinary. Which, of course, I will be defining on my own terms.
Thank you to Buster Benson, whose Camp Mighty presentation about the science behind habit formation helped inspire this post.